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(4)
(1)Tip #1
Atoms prefer filled valence shells.This rule explains why atoms make bonds, and the type of bonds created. A corollary is that centers of electron density (bonds and lone pairs of electrons) repel each other so they stay as far apart as possible. This latter rule, the basis for the so-called VSEPR model, explains 3-dimensional molecular structure.
Tip #2
Understanding electronegativities :The electrons are generally in higher amounts around the more electronegative atoms (e.g. F, Cl, O, N). The electronegative atoms pull electron density away from the less electronegative atoms (e.g. C, H) to which they are bonded. Thus, understanding electronegativities provides a simple method of deciding which portions of a molecule have a relatively high electron density, and which portions have a relatively low electron density.Tip #3
Nature hates localized charges. If a molecule must have a charge, it is better to have the charge distributed over as many atoms as possible through resonance, inductive effects, and hyper conjugation. In addition, when given the choice, it is better to have more negative charge on a more electronegative atom (e.g. O), and more positive charge on a less electronegative atom (e.g. C).Tip #4
Most reactions involve nucleophiles (molecules with a location of particularly high electron density) attacking electrophiles (molecules with a location of particularly low electron density). When in doubt, transfer a proton! Thus, simply understanding where electrons are provides you with the best way of analyzing new molecules so that you will be able to PREDICT how they will react.Tip #5
Steric interactions (atoms bumping into each other) can prevent reactions by keeping the reactive atoms away from each other.Tip #6
Tip #7
In mechanisms, proton transfers are generally the fastest possible reaction, so this usually happens before other possible processes such as nucleophilic attack. The exception is deprotonation of non-acidic carbon atoms such as in alkanes, these can be slowTip #8
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Tip #13
Isomerism- Do's and don'tsIf two molecules contain different functional groups never write chain or positional isomerism, there will always be functional isomerism.
Functional isomers show similar approach towards a reagent as distribution of electron cloud remains more or less same in the molecule
