Important Formula #1
Important Formula #2
Important Formula #3
Fermentation takes place under anaerobic conditions
Important Formula #4
Important Formula #5
Phenols although colourless turn reddish due to atmospheric oxidation.
Important Formula #6
Amongst isomeric alcohols boiling point decreases with the increase in branching due to corresponding decrease in surface area.
Important Formula #7
Boiling point is in the order primary > secondary > tert.
Important Formula #8
Phenols like alcohol have high boiling point due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Important Formula #9
The extent of solubility of alcohol in water depends upon its ability to form hydrogen bond with water and this ability decreases with the increase in length of chain.
Important Formula #10
Amongst isomeric alcohols solubility increases with branching.
Important Formula #11
Important Formula #12
Out of three isomeric nitrophenols only ortho isomer is steam volatile and has lesser solubility and lower boiling point than meta and para.
Important Formula #13
Ortho cannot form H-bond with water and in ortho there exist intramolecular H-bonding.
Important Formula #14
Alcohols are acidic in nature but weaker acids as compared to water even due to the electron releasing inductive effect of alkyl group.
Important Formula #15
As electron releasing inductive effect is maximum in tert. alcohols so acidity of isomeric alcohols is in the order primary > secondary > tertiary.
Important Formula #16
Phenols are stronger acids than alcohols but weaker than carboxylic acid and carbonic acid.
Important Formula #17
Phenols are stronger acids than alcohols because the phenoxide ion formed after the release of proton is stabilised by resonance whereas alkoxide ion does not.
Important Formula #18
Important Formula #19
P-nitrophenol > o-nitrophenol > m-nitrophenol > phenol
Important Formula #20
2, 4, 6 trinitrophenol > 2, 4-Dinitrophenol > 4 nitrophenol > 2-nitrophenol > phenol.
Important Formula #21
Phenol > m-cresol > p-cresol > o-cresol.
Important Formula #22
m-methoxylphenol > phenol > o-methoxyphenol > p-methoxyphenol.
Important Formula #23
o-chlorophenol > o-bromophenol > o-iodophenol > o-fluorophenol.
Important Formula #24
Important Formula #25
Important Formula #26
Rectified Spirit, obtained by the fermentation of carbohydrates, contains 95.6% alcohol and rest water.
Important Formula #27
Absolute alcohol : 100% pure, is obtained from rectified spirit by azeotropic distillation.
Important Formula #28
1 : 4 mixture of absolute alcohol and petrol is called power alcohol and is used for automobiles.
Important Formula #29
Alcohol can be denatured by adding methanol, acetone and pyridine so as to make it unfit for drinking purposes.
Important Formula #30
Important Formula #31
Important Formula #32
Important Formula #33
Important Formula #34
Important Formula #35
Important Formula #36
Glycerol, propane 1, 2, 3-triol, glycerinePreparation :
Important Formula #37
Important Formula #38
Important Formula #39
Important Formula #40
Important Formula #41
Important Formula #42
Boiling point of alcohols are much higher than those of alkenes, halo alkenes or ethers of comparable molecular masses. This is because in alcohols intermolecular hydrogen bonding exists due to which a large amount of energy is required to break these bonds.
Important Formula #43
Alcohols and Phenols consist of two parts, an alkyl/aryl group and a hydroxyl group. The properties of alcohols and phenols are due to the -OH group.
Important Formula #44
The order of reactivity of hydrogen halides is HI > HBr > HCl.
Important Formula #45
Alcohols undergo dehydration to form alkenes (removal of a molecule of water on treating them with a protonic acid).
Important Formula #46
The chemically uncreative nature of ethers and the low cost of ethoxythane make it an important ether. Ethoxy ethane is a solvent for oils, gums, resins etc and is used as an inhalation anaesthetic. But now it is widely replaced due to unpleasant effects.
Important Formula #47
Inert pair effect is defined as the tendency of s-electrons to remain together or the reluctance of s-electrons to participate in a reaction.
Important Formula #48
P-block element consists of 13 and 14 group species. Group 13 consist of namely Boron, aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium. Aluminium is most abundant of these elements.
Important Formula #49
Group 13 is Boron family and group 14 is Carbon family.
Important Formula #50
The phenomenon of existence of different forms of an element is called allotropy.
Important Formula #51
The relative strengths of trihalides of B as Lewis acids have been determined by measuring their heats of formation as well as by studying their infrared spectra. The result of these studies is: BF3
Important Formula #52
For 1st group if u read the elements in one go it will sound like this: LINA KE RAB KA SAFAR. That is : Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
Important Formula #53
for 2nd group :BETA MANGE CAR SCOOTER BAAP RE .That is: Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra
Important Formula #54
Anomalous behavior of Lithium- Lithium displays most of the characteristic properties of group to which it belongs that is the alkali metals group (Group 1).
Important Formula #55
Atomic and ionic radii: Alkali metals have largest atomic and ionic radii in their respective periods of periodic table .On moving down the group, the atomic and ionic radii increase.
Important Formula #56
Alkali metals have lowest ionization enthalpy in each period. Within each group the ionization enthalpies of alkali metals decreases down the group.
(8)
(3)